Juvenile Delinquents Tried as Adults - 776 Words

Juvenile delinquents should be tried as adults for their heinous crimes. For a variety of reasons. First, children through the ages of 12–17 are entirely capable of understanding the acts of crime they commit and are fully aware of what they are seeking. Furthermore, these delinquents, if not tried as adults, may be let go and set free to pursue more crimes if not helped in the proper ways. In addition, these young criminals have not fully developed their moral capacities, in which causes these criminals to grow up with the morals they began with, which may only be fixed through putting time and kept in cells, away from innocent civilians. Although, there have been rare occasions in which the defendant is sent to rehabilitation centers to†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that James Edwards Jr., 15, and Chancey Luna, 16 committed the crime due to being â€Å"bored† gives them no hope to be let free. News article writers of Mail Online, Jeff Maysh and Meghan Keneally, stated â€Å"Suspect James Edwards danced and laughed in the county jail and showed no remorse for their fatal actions.† These two criminals should be imprisoned for the rest of their life with no sympathy when penalizing them. If it is declared by officers and reporters that their actions were done because of â€Å"boredom†, it is very clear that they will go out and seek to commit yet another crime as easily as they did the first time. In another case Tyler Hadley used a 22-inch framing hammer to kill his parents Mary and Black Hadly which reports stated, â€Å"Police visited the Hadley home again, and found Hadleys parents dead in the master bedroom around 4:20 a.m. Sunday.† When it comes to the topic of teens being convicted of committing such atrocious crimes , most of us will solemnly agree that no person with the state of mind in which a person can murder another their own parents we can surely agree that they can not be trusted to stroll by civ ilians like it is nothing. Just think of how many innocent people can be in danger with such a ruthless killer on the loose; especially one like Tyler Hadly in which he threw a party with his parents in the mater bedroom of the house in which the crime was committed. Many morals have beenShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Offenders Are Not Charged With Crimes968 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile offenders are not charged with crimes; they are charged with delinquent acts. To determine whether or not a juvenile should be charged as an adult would be dependent upon what the juvenile was charged with (NCJRS Abstract- National Criminal Justice Reference Service,† n.d.). Juveniles who commit violent offenses to the extent that it labels the juvenile themselves as violent, should be charged as an adult. These types of offenses would include rape, murder, or any aggravated crimesRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults843 Words   |  4 PagesFinal : Question #1 A juvenile being tried as an adult is a very sensitive and controversial issue over the past years. There has been a significant increase in the number of juvenile offenders being tried in adult courts for serious crimes. Juveniles should be tried as adults depending on the seriousness of the crime that they commit. There are many factors that contribute to juvenile courts and to what extent a juvenile should be tried as an adult. The juvenile justice system was intendedRead MoreJuveniles And The Juvenile Justice System1559 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles committing crimes is not a new issued being introduced to society; actually, it has been an issue for centuries. However, the big question is, should juveniles be tried in adult courts? Before answering, take into consideration every possible scenario that could have led them to commit the crime. For instance, were they the leader in the act? Did they participate in the crime? Was the juvenile even aware of what was taking place? Were they peer pressured? Did they have any other choiceRead MoreWhy Juveniles Should Not Be Legal1254 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Crimes in the United States Nachamada Roya Simon 250798336 SOC 2206B Section 570 March 8 2016 Professor Catherine Gelinas Introduction The proposed study is a cross-sectional research about why juveniles should not be put to trial and convicted in adult court and the factors that affect why they would be convicted in adult courts. The study would be conducted in two parts with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first part of the study would be conducted in a juvenileRead MoreCrime And Juvenile And Adult Crimes1019 Words   |  5 Pagesare for juvenile and adult crimes. Some believe that the only difference is age. Others say it is the severity of the crime. It’s obvious that when adults commit crimes, whether they are a misdemeanor offense or a felony, they pay for it. The confliction comes when a juvenile commits a crime. What exactly determines if they are tried as an adult or a juvenile? Does it vary by state-to-state? Are there federal laws that govern that debate? There have been cases where children have been tried in a courtRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 Pa gesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violenceRead MoreJust Mercy Essays : Juveniles Being Tried As Adults1407 Words   |  6 Pagesto Bryan Stevenson’s â€Å"Just Mercy† stories of juveniles being tried as adults, Jason Zeidenberg in the article â€Å"The Risks Juveniles Face When They Are Incarcerated with Adults† strongly emphasizes the dangers and consequences that juveniles face when they are tried as adults. Zeidenberg states the consequences of juveniles being raped, assaulted, committing suicide and the effects of being victimiz ed. Children who are housed in the same facility as Adults is not a good idea nor a good mix, accordingRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency in the United States1585 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Wendy R Swartz Keiser University Abstract: In this document, the topic of juvenile delinquency in the United States is thoroughly examined. Approximately 1.5 million minors (those are citizens who are under the age of 18) are arrested for criminal activity each year in the US. These juveniles are arrested for a variety of crimes; everything from petty vandalism and loitering to prostitution, drug dealing, and even murder. Of these, 70% of offenders will be tried andRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The United States1458 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Delinquency in the United States We live in a world where there is a great deal of investment allotted to our children and our culture tend to be overprotective of our youth. Rightfully so, our younger citizens are considered the building blocks of our nation and the carriers of our legacy in the future. But in spite of stringent laws that seem to protect our youth, other factors such as race, poverty, and environment are catalysts for delinquent youth behavior. Juvenile crime isRead More Juveniles Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages As I entered the juvenile detention facility on 150th, I began to wonder about the female detainee I was going to interview regarding placement. I am sitting in a locked room with a desk, two (2) chairs and a large plexie glass window. As the staff arrived she was accompanied with Farouka (the name has been changed to protect confidentiality). Farouka is a 14-year-old Caucasian/Hispanic female small in stature, wearing county quot;bluesquot; (issued clothing). She appeared fearful and tear y eyed

The Secret Circle The Captive Chapter Fifteen Free Essays

string(36) " racks were scattered on the floor\." Cassie jumped off the motorcycle and ran up the driveway. But as soon as she entered the red light, she slowed. Something about the light made it hard to move through it, hard even to breathe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fifteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was as if the air here had thickened. In slow motion, Cassie fought her way to the door. It was open. Inside, the ordinary lights, the lamps in the hallway, looked feeble and silly against the red glow that pervaded everything, like flashlights in the daytime. Then Cassie saw something that made her breath catch. Footprints. Something had tracked mud across her grandmother’s pine-board floor. Only it wasn’t mud. It was black as tar and it steamed slightly, like some primordial muck from hell. The prints went up the stairs and then back down again. Cassie was afraid to go any farther. â€Å"What is this?† Nick shouted, coming in behind her. His shout didn’t go very far in the thickened air; it sounded muffled and dragging. Cassie turned toward him, and it was like turning in a dream, where every motion is reduced to a crawl. â€Å"Come on,† Nick said, pulling at her. Cassie looked behind her and saw Deborah and Melanie and Laurel in the doorway, also moving in slow motion. Cassie let Nick guide her and they fought their way up the stairs. The red glow was dimmer up here; it was hard to see any prints. But Cassie followed them more by intuition than by sight down the hall to the door of her mother’s room, and she pointed to it. She was too frightened to go in. Nick’s hand grasped the doorknob, turned it. The door slowly flew open. Cassie stared at her mother’s empty bed. â€Å"No!† she screamed, and the red light seemed to catch the word and draw it out endlessly. She forgot to be frightened then and ran forward-slowly-into the middle of the room. The bed was rumpled, slept-in, but the covers had been thrown back and there was no sign of her mother. Cassie looked around the deserted room in anguish. The window was closed. She had a terrible sense of loss, a terrible premonition. Those black and steaming footprints went to the side of her mother’s bed. Some thing had come and stood here, beside her mother, and then†¦ â€Å"Come on! Downstairs,† Nick was shouting from the doorway. Cassie turned to him-and screamed. The door was swinging slowly shut again. And in the shadows behind it was a pale and ghostly figure. Cassie’s second scream was cut off as the figure stepped forward, showing a drawn white face and dark hair falling loose over slender shoulders. It was wearing a long, white nightgown. It was her mother. â€Å"Mom,† Cassie cried, and she launched herself forward, throwing her arms around her mother’s waist. Oh, thank God, thank God, she thought. Now everything would be all right. Her mother was safe, her mother would take care of things. â€Å"Oh, Mom, I was so scared,† she gasped. But something was wrong. Her mother wasn’t hugging her back. There was no response at all from the upright but lifeless body in the nightgown. Cassie’s mother just stood there, and when Cassie pulled back, she saw her mother was staring emptily. â€Å"Mom? Mom?† she said. She shook the slender white figure. â€Å"Mom.’ What’s the matter?† Her mother’s beautiful eyes were blank, like a doll’s eyes. Unseeing. The black circles underneath seemed to swallow them up. Her mother’s arms stayed limp at her sides. â€Å"Mom,† Cassie said again, almost crying now. Nick had pushed the door open again. â€Å"We have to get her out of here,† he told Cassie. Yes, Cassie thought. She tried to convince herself that it was the light, that maybe outside of the red glow her mother would be okay. They each took one of the limp arms and led the unresisting figure into the hallway. Melanie, Laurel, and Deborah converged from different directions. â€Å"We looked in all the rooms on this floor,† Melanie said. â€Å"There’s no one else up here.† â€Å"My grandmother-† Cassie began. â€Å"Help us get Mrs. Blake downstairs,† Nick said. At the bottom of the stairs, the black prints turned left and then crossed and recrossed. A thought flashed into Cassie’s mind. â€Å"Melanie, Laurel, can you take my mom outside? Out of the light? Will you make sure she’s safe?† Melanie nodded, and Cassie said, â€Å"I’ll be out as soon as I can.† â€Å"Be careful† Laurel said urgently. Cassie saw them leading her mother to the door, then she made herself stop looking. â€Å"Come on,† she said to Nick and Deborah. â€Å"I think my grandma’s in the kitchen.† A line of footprints led that way, but it wasn’t just that, it was a feeling Cassie had. A terrible feeling that her grandmother was in the kitchen, and that she wasn’t alone. Deborah walked like a stalking huntress, following the black marks down the twisting hallways to the old wing of the house, the one built by the original witches in 1693. Nick was behind Cassie, and Cassie realized vaguely that they were protecting her, giving her the safest place in line. But there was no safe place in this house now. As they crossed the threshold into the old wing, the red light seemed to get stronger, and the air even thicker. Cassie felt her lungs laboring. Oh, God, it looked like fire in here. The red light was everywhere and the air burned Cassie’s skin. Deborah stopped and Cassie almost ran into her. She struggled to see over Deborah’s shoulder, but her eyes were sore and streaming. She felt Nick behind her, his hand gripping her shoulder hard. Cassie tried to make her eyes focus, squinting into the thick red light. She could see her grandmother! The old woman was lying in front of the hearth, by the long wooden table she had worked at so often. The table was on its side, and herbs and drying racks were scattered on the floor. You read "The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fifteen" in category "Essay examples" Cassie started toward her grandmother, but there was something else there, something her mind didn’t want to take in. Nick was holding her back, and Cassie stared at the thing bending over the old woman. It was burned, black, hideous. It looked as if its skin was hard and cracked. It had the shape of a man, but Cassie couldn’t see eyes or clothes or hair. When it looked up at them she got a brief, terrifying impression of a skull shining silver through the blackness of its face. It had seen them now. Cassie felt as if she and Nick and Deborah were welded together; Nick was still holding her, and she was clutching Deborah. She wanted to run, but she couldn’t, because there was her grandmother on the floor. She couldn’t leave her grandmother alone with the burned thing. But she couldn’t fight, either. She didn’t know how to fight something like this. And Cassie could no longer feel any connection to the elements; in this horrible oven of a room she felt as if she were cut off from everything outside. What weapons did they have? The hematite in Cassie’s pocket wasn’t cool anymore; when she thrust her hand in to touch it, it burned. No good. Air and Fire and Earth were all against them. They needed something this creature didn’t control. â€Å"Think of water,† she shouted to Nick and Deborah. Her voice was stifled in the oppressive blistering air. â€Å"Think of the ocean- cold water-ice!† As she said it, she thought herself, trying to remember what water was like. Cool. . . blue. . . endless. Suddenly she remembered looking over the bluff when she’d first come to her grandmother’s house, seeing a blue so intense it took her breath away. The ocean, unimaginably vast, spread out before her. She could picture it now; blue and gray like Adam’s eyes. Sunlight glinted off the waves, and Adam’s eyes were sparkling, laughing †¦. Wind rattled the windows in their casements, and the faucet in the sink began to shake. It burst a leak somewhere at its base and a thin stream of white water sprayed up. Something burst in the dishwasher, too, and water gushed on the floor. Water was hissing out of the pipe under the sink. â€Å"Now!† Deborah shouted. â€Å"Come on, get him now!† Cassie knew it was wrong even as Deborah said it. They weren’t strong enough, not nearly strong enough to take this thing on directly. But Deborah, always heedless of danger, was lunging forward, and there was no time to scream a warning or make her stop. Cassie’s heart failed her and her legs went weak in the middle of the rush toward the black thing. It would kill them-one touch of those burned, hardened hands could kill-but it was giving way before them. Cassie couldn’t believe they were still alive, still moving, but they were. The thing was backing away, it was crouching, it was running. It turned and went through what had been the old front door, searing the handle black as it went. It went out into the darkness and then it was gone. The door hung open, rattling in the wind. The red light died. Through the doorway Cassie could see the cool silver-blue of moonlight. She dragged in a deep breath, grateful just to be able to breathe without hurting. â€Å"We did it!† Deborah was laughing. She pounded Nick on the arm and back. â€Å"We did it! All right! The bastard ran!† It left, Cassie thought. It left, deliberately. We didn’t win anything. Then she turned sharply to Nick. â€Å"My mother! And Laurel and Melanie-they’re out there-â€Å" â€Å"I’ll go check them. I think it’s gone for now, though,† he said. For now. Nick knew the same thing she did. It wasn’t defeated; it had withdrawn. On trembling legs, Cassie went and knelt by her grandmother on the floor. â€Å"Grandma?† she said. She was afraid the old woman was dead. But no, her grandmother was breathing heavily. Then Cassie was afraid that if the wrinkled eyelids opened, the eyes underneath would stare blankly like a doll’s- but they were opening now, and they saw her, they knew her. Her grandmother’s eyes were dark with pain, but they were rational. â€Å"Cassie,† she whispered. â€Å"Little Cassie.† â€Å"Grandma, you’re going to be all right. Don’t move.† Cassie tried to think of anything else she’d heard about injured people. What to do? Keep them warm? Keep their feet elevated? â€Å"Just hang on,† she told her grandmother, and to Deborah she said, â€Å"Call an ambulance, fast!† â€Å"No,† her grandmother said. She tried to sit up and her face contracted with pain. One knobby-knuckled hand clutched at the thin robe over her nightgown. Over her heart. â€Å"Grandma, don’t move,† Cassie said frantically. â€Å"It’s going to be all right, everything’s going to be all right. . .† â€Å"No, Cassie,† her grandmother said. She was still breathing in that tortured way, but her voice was surprisingly strong. â€Å"No ambulance. There’s no time. You need to listen to me; I have something to tell you.† â€Å"You can tell me later.† Cassie was crying now, but she tried to keep her voice steady. â€Å"There won’t be a later,† her grandmother gasped, and then she settled back, her breathing careful and slow. She spoke distinctly, kneading Cassie’s hand in her own. Her eyes were so dark, so anguished-and so kind. â€Å"Cassie, I don’t have much time left, and you need to listen. This is important. Go to the fireplace and look on the right-hand side for a loose brick. It’s just about the level of the mantel. Pull it out and bring me what’s inside the hole.† Cassie stumbled to the hearth. A loose brick-she couldn’t see; she was crying too hard. She felt with her fingers, scraping them on the roughness of mortar, and something shifted under them. This brick. She dug her fingernails into the crumbled mortar around it and worked it back and forth until it came out. She dropped it and reached into the cool dark hollow now exposed. Her fingertips found something smooth. She eased it closer with her nails, then grasped it and pulled it out. It was a Book of Shadows. The one from her dream, the one with the red leather cover. Cassie took it back to her grandmother and knelt again. â€Å"He couldn’t make me tell where it was. He couldn’t make me tell anything,† her grandmother said, and smiled. â€Å"My own grandmother showed me that was a good place to hide it.† She stroked the book, then her age-spotted hand tightened on Cassie’s. â€Å"It’s yours, Cassie. From my grandmother to me to you. You have the sight and the power, as I did, as your mother does. But you can’t run away like she did. You have to stay here and face him.† She stopped and coughed. Cassie looked at Deborah, who was listening intently, and then back at her grandmother. â€Å"Grandma, please. Please let us call the ambulance. You can’t just give up-â€Å" â€Å"I’m not giving anything up! I’m giving it all to you. To you, Cassie, so you can carry on the fight. Let me do that before I die. Otherwise it’s all been meaningless, everything.† She coughed again. â€Å"It wasn’t supposed to be like this. That girl-Faye-she fooled me. I didn’t think she would move this fast. I thought we would have more time-but we don’t. So, now listen.† She drew a painful breath, fingers holding Cassie’s so hard it hurt, and her dark old eyes stared into Cassie’s. â€Å"You come from a long line of witches, Cassie. You know that. But you don’t know that our family has always had the clearest sight and the most power. We’ve been the strongest line and we can see the future- but the others don’t always believe that. Not even our own kind.† Her eyes lifted to look at Deborah. â€Å"You young people, you think you come up with everything new, don’t you?† Her seamed old face wrinkled in a laugh, although there was no sound. â€Å"You don’t have much respect for old folks, or even for your parents. You think we lived our lives standing still, don’t you?† She’s wandering, Cassie thought. She doesn’t know what she’s saying. But her grandmother was going on. â€Å"Your idea about getting out the old books and reviving the old traditions-you think you were the only ones to come up with that, don’t you?† Cassie just shook her head helplessly, but Deborah, brows drawn together in a scowl, said, â€Å"Well, weren’t we?† â€Å"No. Oh, my dears, no. In my day, when I was a little girl, we played with it. We had meetings sometimes, and those of us with the sight would make notes of what we saw, and those with the healing touch would talk about herbs and things. But it was your parents’ generation who got up a real coven.† â€Å"Our parents?† Deborah said in disbelief. â€Å"My parents are so scared of magic they practically puke if you mention it. My parents would never-â€Å" â€Å"That’s now,† Cassie’s grandmother said calmly, as Cassie tried to hush Deborah. â€Å"That’s now. They’ve forgotten-they made themselves forget. They had to, you see, to survive. But things were different when they were young. They were just a little older than you, the children of Crowhaven Road. Your mother was maybe nineteen, Deborah, and Cassie’s mother was just seventeen. That was when the Man in Black came to New Salem.† â€Å"Grandma†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie whispered. Icy prickles were going up and down her spine. This room, which had been so hot, was making her shiver. â€Å"Oh, Grandma, please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You don’t want to know. I know. I understand. But you have to listen, both of you. You have to understand what you’re up against.† With another cough, Cassie’s grandmother shifted position slightly, her eyes going opaque with memory. â€Å"That was the fall of 1974. The coldest November we’d had in decades. I’ll never forget him on the doorstep, kicking the snow off his boots. He was going to move into Number Thirteen, he said, and he needed a match to light the wood he was carrying. There was no other kind of heat in that old house; it had been empty since he’d left it the first time.† â€Å"Since what?† Cassie said. â€Å"Since 1696. Since he’d left the first time to go to sea, and drowned when his ship went down.† Her grandmother nodded without looking at Cassie. â€Å"Oh, yes, it was Black John. But we didn’t know that then. How much suffering could have been prevented if we had†¦ but there’s no use thinking about that.† She patted Cassie’s hand. â€Å"We lent him matches, and the girls and young men on the street helped him rebuild that old house. He was a few years older than they were, and they looked up to him. They admired him and his travels- he could tell the most marvelous stories. And he was handsome-handsome in a way that didn’t show his black heart underneath. We were all fooled, all under his spell, even me. â€Å"I don’t know when he started talking to the young people about the old ways. Pretty soon, I guess; he worked fast. And they were ready to listen. They thought we parents were old and stodgy if we opposed them. And to tell the truth, not many of us objected very strongly. There’s good in the old ways, and we didn’t know what he was up to.† The shivers were racing all over Cassie’s body by now, but she couldn’t move. She could only listen to her grandmother’s voice, the only sound except for the thin hiss of water in that quiet kitchen. â€Å"He got the likeliest of the young ones together and paired them off. Yes, that’s about the size of it, although we parents didn’t know then. He made matches, giving this girl to this boy, and this boy to that girl, and somehow he made it all seem reasonable to them. He even broke up pairs that had planned to marry-your mother, Deborah, was going to marry Nick’s dad, but he changed that. Switched her from one brother to the other, and they let him. He had such a grip on them they would have let him do anything. â€Å"They did the marriages in the old way, handfasting. Ten weddings in March. And we all celebrated, like the idiots we were. All those young people so happy, and never a quarrel between them, we thought; how lucky they were! They were just like one big group of brothers and sisters. Well, the group was too big for one coven, but we didn’t think about that. â€Å"It was good to see the respect they had for the old ways, too. They had the Beltane fire in May and at midsummer they gathered Saint-John’s-wort and mistletoe. And in September I remember all of them laughing and shouting as they brought the John Barleycorn sheaf in to represent the harvest. They didn’t know what the other John was planning. â€Å"We knew by then the babies were coming soon, and that was another reason to celebrate. But it was in October that some of the older women started to worry. The girls were all so pale and the pregnancies seemed to take so much out of them. Poor Carmen Henderson was flesh and bones except for her belly. That looked like she was carrying twin elephants. There wasn’t much celebrating at Samhain; the girls were all too sick. â€Å"And then on November third, it started. Your uncle Nicholas, Deborah, the one you never knew, called me to come to his wife’s bedside. I helped Sharon have little Nick, your cousin. He was a fighter from the first minute; I’ll never forget how he squalled. But there was something else, something I’d never seen in a baby’s eyes, and I went home thinking about it. There was a power there I’d never seen before. â€Å"And two days later it happened again. Elizabeth Conant had a baby boy, with hair like Bacchus’s wine and eyes like the sea. That baby looked at me, and I could feel his power.† â€Å"Adam,† Cassie whispered. â€Å"That’s right. Three days later Sophie Burke went into labor-her that kept her own name even when she married. Her baby, Melanie, was like the others. She looked two weeks old when she was brand-new, and she saw me as clearly as I saw her. â€Å"The strangest ones born were Diana and Faye. Their mothers were sisters and they had their babies at the same moment, in two separate houses. One baby was bright like sunlight and the other one was dark as midnight, but those two were connected somehow. You could tell even at that age.† Cassie thought of Diana and a pang went through her, but she pushed it away and went on listening. Her grandmother’s voice seemed to be getting weaker. â€Å"Poor little things †¦ it wasn’t their fault. It isn’t your fault,† the old woman said, focusing suddenly on Deborah and Cassie. â€Å"Nobody can blame you. But by December third, eleven babies had been born, and they were all strange. Their mothers didn’t want to admit it, but by January there was no way to deny it. Those tiny babies could call on the Powers, and they could scare you if they didn’t get what they wanted.† â€Å"I knew,† Cassie whispered. â€Å"I knew it was too weird for all of those kids to born within one month †¦ I knew.† â€Å"Their parents knew, too, but they didn’t know what it meant. It was Adam’s father, I think, who put it all together for them. Eleven babies, he said-he guessed that with one more that made a coven. And who was the one more? Why, the man who’d arranged for all those babies to be born, the man who was going to lead them. Black John had come back to make the strongest Circle this country had ever seen-not from this generation, but from the next, Adam’s father said. From the infants. â€Å"Nobody believed the story at first. Some parents were scared, and some were just plain stupid. And some didn’t see how Black John could come back from the dead after all those years. That’s one mystery that hasn’t been solved yet. â€Å"But gradually some of the group were convinced. Nick’s father, who’d lost his own fiancee, seen her married off to his younger brother-he listened. And Mary Meade, Diana’s mother; she was as smart as she was pretty. Even Faye’s father, Grant Chamberlain†¦ he was a cold man, but he knew his infant daughter could set the curtains on fire without touching them, and he knew that wasn’t right. They got some of the others talked around, and one cold night, the first of February, the bunch of them set off to talk to him about it.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fifteen, Essay examples

Illegal Surveillance Despite Anonymity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Illegal Surveillance Despite Anonymity. Answer: Introduction In the report, the ethical issue that has been discussed here is illegal surveillance of user data despite anonymity. The usage of World Wide Web to hide the personal information of an individual from the websites they have visited is known as anonymous web browsing. By sending the web activity information through a number of routers, a user can easily browse the web anonymously. But this does not guarantee server anonymity as the data is vulnerable to traffic analysis (Jardine, 2015). An ethical issue rises here against the tracking of data without the authorization of the user. It raises an ethical issue about personal information privacy as the data from the browser plugins and cookies can be used to track the user even if the user has hidden his or her IP address. Problem Action Consequences Techniques Identified ethical problems Despite the usage of proxy sites and anonymous servers, the internet users are repeatedly monitored by government authorities in the name of protection. Cyber criminals have misused the anonymity provided by the proxy servers to perform illegal activities but the consequences of their action has trickled down on the common public. Without proper authorization from the users, the authorities collect personal information to get hold of the criminals which has created an ethical issue (Kandpal Singh, 2013). The ethical dilemma occurs when the question rises about whether the remote monitoring of the public information to catch a handful of criminals is justifiable or not. Reason for the ethical problems A common misconception is that anonymity helps to encourage disinhibition and is often abused by cyber criminals to get into dishonest activities. As the proxy is not aware of the IP address of the user, the information can be turned over to other users. If the user is not using a secure connection to the proxy server, other individuals can easily monitor the web activities of the individual (Yar, 2013). Hackers often use free proxy servers to lure individuals to use the service and steal their personal information. For example, in US, a cyber-attack from the Chinese was used as a key argument to formulate the CISPA or Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act which will allow the authorities to check personal information of users without the need of a warrant (Ablon, Libicki Golay, 2014). The internal as well as cyber-attacks to national security is used to justify the governments surveillance measures on normal users. The freedom of expression of the user is highly diminished in these cases which raises an ethical consideration. In many countries, people cannot access internet (in cyber cafes also) without proper identification and the cyber cafes as well as ISPs are obligated to maintain logs of the users browsing history. These illegal mass surveillance of data and computers creates a data interference that affects a huge number of users. People responsible The people responsible for creating this ethical issue is the government and the hackers who use unscrupulous methods to collect user information. Without the consent of the individuals, the government utilizes mass surveillance to track the personal data of the user when clearly the user does not want anyone to track his or her activities but in this modern digital age, nothing remains confined which is a huge ethical issue that must be addressed (Reddy, Reddy, 2014). Hackers use spywares and bots to collect personal information despite the usage of anonymous software which is a major issue. People affected The web information (the computer information and the IP address) of an individual becomes visible in the server of the target web page when the individual opens a particular web page. This data is utilized to track the individual. Even if the individual uses a VPN or proxy server, it can be avoided by using an improper browser (Hyman, 2013). These particular servers work by not sending information from the user directly but by sending a request to the target browser. The anonymous servers work by putting a proxy (anonymous in nature) between the website and the user and can be used to bypass restrictions where particular site is blocked in a particular school, office or country. Users make use of this feature to protect their personal identity. Strategies to counter the issue It can be accomplished with the help of VPNs or Virtual private networks, anonymous programs such as Tor and proxy servers. The anonymous web server are used for two reasons primarily. Firstly, it helps the user to get access to certain parts of the webpage which are not accessible and secondly, it allow the user to bypass any application that blocks the web site accessibility (Loader Thomas, 2013). This helps the individual feel secure. Other solutions such as using Hidemyass.com helps to provide a triple bypass layer to mitigate the history of the web activity that the user is conducting enabling him to remain completely anonymous. Better action The better action of this ethical dilemma would be for the government to acknowledge the mass surveillance program on the common people and ask whether or not they are ready to share their personal information in the name of security. The government might face a huge backlash after this revelation but ethically it is the right thing to do. Other actions The government should organise a meeting with the IT experts as well as conduct a project whether mass surveillance is a feasible action for mitigating this issue. Citizens will always choose security over anything else and the government must realize that being a democracy, opinions may vary from person to person. The option to install infrastructures for proper surveillance should be also explored by the authorities as well (Broadhurst et al., 2014). Person to take the best action The government officials are the only people who can take the best action related to this ethical dilemma. The related IT experts and people who are related to the ethical dilemma such as the stakeholders can also help in mitigating this ethical issue by voicing their concerns and providing possible solutions. Implications of the best action Although the counter measures that are enforced for cyber criminals by the government (to track user data) may affect the private users for using private enhanced technologies, the measures are equally justified in certain cases. The scale of cyber-attacks have doubled in the past few years. To protect the rights of citizens, the government have to employ counter measures and tracking mechanisms for finding out the point of origin of the attack. This cannot be done simultaneously while protecting the citizens right as well as the attackers (Choo, Grabosky, 2013). As users are getting aware of the risks of cyber-attacks, more people are wanting adequate safeguards from the concerned authorities for protecting their data. Although the private users may get affected due to the counter measures, it can prove beneficial for the entire community in the long run. Consequences to the stake holders The consequences of the best action will be an overall justifiable mass surveillance system that collects user information after the consent of the user. The system will incorporate advanced technologies which can collect personal information up to a certain extent (Reddy, Reddy, 2014). Hackers will rejoice the consequences as their internet blueprint will be reduced but the users will also enjoy the new system knowing that no one is checking their personal information without their consent. Conclusion To conclude the report, it can be stated that discontinuation of openly expressing public opinions can result in violation of democratic rights of the individual. Although the anonymous services can be used to steal private data and the government can justify their mass surveillance in one way or the other, accessing private information without the users permission creates an ethical dilemma which can be thoroughly debated by both parties. Understanding the threats is the first step in mitigating the dilemma and prepare for the future where no one have to think about whether they are tracked 24x7. Realizing the benefits of anonymity can help the online communities to understand the utilitarian benefits of the service and enable them to use their rights of privacy and freedom of expression in a proper way. References Ablon, L., Libicki, M. C., Golay, A. A. (2014).Markets for cybercrime tools and stolen data: Hackers' bazaar. Rand Corporation. Anderson, R., Barton, C., Bhme, R., Clayton, R., Van Eeten, M. J., Levi, M., ... Savage, S. (2013). Measuring the cost of cybercrime. InThe economics of information security and privacy(pp. 265-300). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B., Chon, S. (2014). An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. Choo, K. K. R., Grabosky, P. (2013). Cyber crime. Hyman, P. (2013). Cybercrime: it's serious, but exactly how serious?.Communications of the ACM,56(3), 18-20. Jardine, E. (2015). Global cyberspace is safer than you think: real trends in cybercrime.Browser Download This Paper. Kandpal, V., Singh, R. K. (2013). Latest Face of Cybercrime and Its Prevention In India.International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2(4), 150-156. Loader, B. D., Thomas, D. (Eds.). (2013).Cybercrime: Security and surveillance in the information age. Routledge. Reddy, G. N., Reddy, G. J. (2014). A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Yar, M. (2013).Cybercrime and society. Sage.

INFINITY Essays (197 words) - Postrer Ro, , Term Papers

INFINITY Integrantes Sofia Canaria Nicolas Moya Karen Atehortua Producto Son unas botellas de vidrio rellenas de dulces con una decoracion llamativa para la persona que lo compre. Razon Del Nombre Esta microempresa se llama " Infinity " porque queremos que nuestro producto demuestre un sentimiento de una persona hacia otra . Mision Generar una ayuda a las personas que con nuestro producto puedan inspirar un sentimiento hacia las demas personas. Vision Queremos que nuestra empresa " Infinity " sea reconocida por los clientes y nuestro producto sea de su agrado y de su alta calidad. Justificacion De La Empresa La empresa " Infinity " ayuda a las personas que no se pueden expresar verbalmente y el cual representa un sentimiento y un recuerdo infinito, en unas botellas rellenas de dulces y decoradas, las cuales son especiales para regalar. Objetivo General Incentivar a las personas para que sean detallistas con nuestro producto hacia las personas que aman. Objetivos Especificos 1. Hacer un producto con un decorado llamativo para que la persona que lo compre quede satisfecho con su compra. 2. Decorar el producto llamativamente para que con el transmitan un sentimiento.

Judging A Politicians Worth By Sex Essays - Rodham Family

Judging A Politician's Worth By Sex Essays - Rodham Family Judging A Politician's Worth By Sex Judging a Politician's Worth by Sex Is it fair to measure a politicians public worth by his/her sexual behavior? This a question which has been brought before me and requires an answer, or a position on which I stand, fair or unfair? Well, I think it is fair. After a two-year scandal involving President Bill Clinton and his sexual escapades with different women besides his wife, I cant help but see a direct comparison in this question. Using President Clinton works as an excellent example as to why I take the position I do. For obvious reasons a politicians public worth should not only be measured by his/her sexual behavior, but this should be an important consideration. Every time a new president is elected they are sworn in, they raise their right hand and swear to approximately 272 million people to uphold certain duties as president. Each time a president neglects to uphold one of these duties or if he/she is found to be committing a crime, a process is followed to decide whether or not the president should be impeached. If the act is found to be minor or not an impeachable offense, business continues as usual, but the dignity or public worth of this individual has to be questioned by the public, because as the employers of these poli ticians it is our duty. Now even though it might not seem relevant to use the president, or any politician being sworn in as a valid example, in comparison to marriage vows, I think it is valuable. Along with marriage comes a word called fidelity, this is usually touched upon at the ceremony or even before, this means to be faithful and loyal. When a person such as President Bill Clinton, or any politician professes his/her love and fidelity to his/her life partner, which is only one person, then without any regret, completely disregards those promises. How can a politician like this make a promise or swear to uphold certain duties to approximately 272 million strangers and be trusted? In my opinion that is the exact definition of public worth. Whatever goes on between consenting adults in private is nobodys business but their own, and that holds for sex as for anything else. Why should anybody even care whether Mary has fifteen lovers or none, whether Jack prefers sex with Bill to sex with Jane, or whether married couples like to swing with other married couples. Just because you personally disapprove of such things doesnt make them wrong. We all have the right to live our lives as we see fit as long as we dont interfere with the rights of others to live their lives as they see fit. Promiscuous people, homosexuals, and swingers dont tell you how to live your life. Dont tell them how to live theirs.(Olen & Barry pg.82) In essence I completely agree with this statement, but for a politician whose personal life is completely in the eye of the public especially when there is a scandal involving his/her sexual endeavors, this becomes a measurement of their public worth. These politicians are well aware of how their lives will be affected in the world of politics and this is something they must keep in mind when entering a situation that might compromise their worth to the public which elected them. I feel strong on my position and think if the economy wasnt doing as well as it is the Bill Clinton scandal would have been worse for him. Im not a political buff or analyst by any means but before the Bill Clinton sex scandal my opinion of his public worth and his principals were much greater than after the scandal. That might not be completely fair but it is my opinion.

Job Interviewing for English learners

Job Interviewing for English learners Taking a job interview in English can be a challenging task. Its important to use the correct tense to state when and how often you perform duties at your present and past jobs. The first step was writing your resume and cover letter. Learn to use these tenses in these situations and youll be sure to make as good an impression in your job interview as you have with your resume. There are some very important game rules to consider when taking a job interview. The job interview in English requires a very specific kind of vocabulary. It also requires good tense usage as you need to make a clear distinction between past and present responsibilities. Here is a quick overview of the appropriate tenses to use: Tense: Present Simple Example Sentence: I collect data from all of our branches and analyze the information on a weekly basis.Explanation:Â  Use the present simple to describe your daily responsibilities. This is the most common tense to use when speaking about your current position. Tense:Â  Past Simple Example Sentence:Â  I developed an in-house database for the personnel department.Explanation:Â  Use the past simple to describe your daily responsibilities in a former position. This is the most common tense to use when speaking about past jobs. Tense:Â  Present Continuous Example Sentence:Â  Currently, we are expanding our sales division to include South America.Explanation:Â  Use the present continuous to speak about current projects that are happening at that moment in time. These projects are limited in time and should not be confused with daily responsibilities.Example: Currently, I am designing a new layout for our local branch. I am usually responsible for staff organization, but they asked me to help out with design this time. Tense:Â  Present Perfect Example Sentence:Â  Ive researched over 300 cases until now.Explanation:Â  Use the present perfect to generally describe projects or accomplishments that you have made up to the present moment in time. Remember not to include specific past time references which should be used with the past simple.Example: Ive developed a number of databases using Microsoft Access. Just last week I finished a database for our warehouse. Tense:Â  Future Simple Example Sentence:Â  I will be the manager of a medium sized retail outlet.Explanation:Â  Use the future simple to discuss your plans for the future. This tense is only used when the interviewer asks you what you plan to do in the future. There are a number of other tenses that you can use to speak about experience that you have had. However, if you do not feel comfortable using more advanced tenses, these tenses should serve you well in the interview. The Most Important Parts of a Job Interview Work Experience:Â  Work experience is by far the most important part of any job interview in an English speaking country. It is true that education is also important, however, most employers are more impressed by extensive work experience than by university degrees. Employers want to know exactly what you did and how well you accomplished your tasks. This is the part of the interview during which you can make the best impression. Its important to give full, detailed answers. Be confident, and emphasize your accomplishments in past positions. Qualifications:Â  Qualifications include any education from high school through university, as well as any special training you may have had (such as computer courses). Make sure to mention your English studies. This is very important as English is not your first language and the employer may be concerned about this fact. Assure the employer that you are continuing to improve your English skills by any courses you may be taking, or by saying that you study a certain number of hours a week to improve your skills. Talking about Responsibilities:Â  Most importantly, you will need to demonstrate your qualifications and skills which are directly applicable to the job you are applying for. If past job skills were not exactly the same as what you will need on the new job, make sure to detail how they are similar to job skills you will need for the new position. Finding a Job For ESL Learners Finding a Job - Writing a Cover LetterWriting Your ResumeListen to a Typical Job InterviewExample Interview QuestionsUseful Job Interview Vocabulary

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Safety - Essay Example Before ignition process likewise, it is important that all the personnel on the site should be well acquainted by the attached FMEA. FMEA provides for systematic and qualitative tool, typically created from a spreadsheet during the testing, to assist the personnel anticipate what can go wrong with the process, and then to develop plans to mitigate various risk of failure. It is important to point out that all the debris from the test site must all be cleaned up before setup. Despite the distance, they should always ensure they wear protective gear for both their ears and eyes. This ensures that they are protected at all time with the sound and any unforeseen eye direct infection. However, all these are only done after a 10-12 second countdown to ignition has been in place to ensure every at the site is attentive. The testing is procedural to ensure safety at all times and whenever ignition is not in place, the rocket must be covered by a cap and all materials will be stored safely af ter are disassembled by the in-charge at the site. Likewise, Subscription to all Smart Monitoring System is also provided. All chemical materials containers and must be easily stored and transport availed to and from the test area. Connected to this is the fact that the ventilation system & emergency light must be provided based on site size. Nonetheless, instances misfire are common during testing. In case of such, the first thing to do is to close the remote bottle opener and immediately put off the main power supply. This procedure is important as it ensures deactivation of the closed solenoid. After successfully doing this, it is important to give an allowance of about 70 seconds before anyone can approach the rocket motor housing. Safety before and after the ignition is of importance since if the assumption is made and some of the safety precautions are ignored, it may be risky to the operators and likewise losses may be incurred unnecessarily. When the process

Network Design Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Network Design - Term Paper Example Additionally, at the moment, the departments lack secure networks and hence prone to frequent virus attacks. The director of the campus is seeking to improve security, raise network bandwidth, and also consolidate the multiple LANs into one campus network whilst keeping costs minimal. The major problems identified in the current network include: High rate of collisions Slow speed due to a large broadcast domain High administrative cost due to a lack of centralized network management Lack of backup WAN connectivity Lack of data backup on servers Inadequate network security Use of manually assigned IP addresses The campus building is 40 years and 2-storeyed. Its dimensions are as follows; Length: 240 Feet Width: 95 Feet Height: 30 Feet Workstation Placement Number of Workstations Users Total WS 6 Instructional Computer labs 21 WS Student and Instructor 126 WS (based on 20 WS for students and 1 WS for instructor on each lab * 6 labs) Student Computer Lab 30 WS Student 30 WS 6 Offices 1 WS Staff 6 WS 1 Admission office 5 WS Staff 5 WS Library 10 WS Student 10 WS Library 5 WS Staff 5 WS 4 Instructional Classrooms 1 WS Instructor 4 WS Total Server ? Staff To be determined by students Network Connecting Devices ? IT Staff To be determined by students Printers ? Staff To be determined by student Printers ? Instructional To be determined by student Definition of the subnet The following subnets are adopted in the design: Each lab is to have a subnet, totaling to 6 subnets The student computer lab is to be assigned a subnet of its own Staff members in all the offices will be assigned a subnet Students in the library will be assigned a subnet One subnet will be assigned to the instructors in the lecture rooms The two servers, one of the first floor and the other in the second floor will share a subnet Definition of the network address, subnet mask, and available IP addresses to be used by the computers or devices. Network Address: 10.15.0.0 Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 At le ast 11 subnets are required, implying a need for at least 31 addresses for each subnet. The closest number of addresses offered by a subnet is 32. Nonetheless, taking into consideration the fact that all subnets require a network address and a forecast address, 30 is the appropriate number of IP addresses. Given that the student computer lab requires a minimum of 31 addresses, 64-address subnet is required. Considering availability of a whole class B network, constituting a Class A address and a class B mask, it is possible to anticipate growth on the devices used in each classroom / office and make use of a whole Class C network for every subnet. This will allocate each subnet in 256 addresses whereby 0 would is to be the network address while 255 will be the broadcast address. This leaves 254-subnet IPs available for use. Proposed Subnets: Range 6 Instructional Computer labs 10.15.0.0/24 Addresses 10.15.0.1 - 10.15.0.254 10.15.1.0/24 Addresses 10.15.1.1 - 10.15.1.254 10.15.2.0/24 Addresses 10.15.2.1 - 10.15.2.254 10.15.3.0/24 Addresses 10.15.3.1 - 10.15.3.254 Student Computer Lab 10.15.10.0/24 Addresses 10.15.10.1 - 10.15.10.254 Staff members in all offices 10.15.20.0/24 Addresses 10.15.20.1 - 10.15.20.254 Students in the library 10.15.30.0/24 Addresses 10.15.30.1 - 10.15.30.254 Instructor’s on the 5 lecture rooms 10.15.40.0/24 Addresses 10.15.40.1 - 10.15.40.254 Servers on first and second floor

Human Resource Management Project Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management Project Essay Introduction Human Resource Management is defined as the policies, practices and systems that influence an employee’s behaviour, attitude, and performance in the attainment of organizational goals, and it is also a way of management that links people-related activities to the strategy of a business or organization. Now days, the human resource has an important function in the companies or organizations. The human resource provides significant support and advice to line management because many companies consider their human capital as their most important asset. The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast the human resource management between India and Canada. This report will describe the human rights, recruitment, selection, training and development, and health and safety of Indian companies, and research the role of human resource in the recruitment and selection processes of Indian companies, and finally compare and contrast them to Canadian human resources practices. Moreover, this report will also analyze the cultural differences between Canada and India. The report aims to find difference human resource management between Canada and India, and improve the human resource management system of Canada. Role of Human Resources in the Recruiting and Selection Human resource plays an instrumental role in helping their organization achieve its goals of becoming a socially and environmentally responsible firm. In India, there is large-scale unemployment with shortage of skilled labour, hence, the role of HR in recruiting will provide the necessary tools to maintain a positive competitive labour market. Clearly defined role of Human Resources in Recruitment process is very important for measuring the success of the whole Recruitment Process. The overall setting of the HR Role in Recruitment is directly linked to Recruitment Strategy and HR Strategy. [1] Human resource and hiring managers play a highly significant role for setting the correct measures and defining the potential gaps in the whole recruitment process. The role of Human Resources in India is increasing, from making the process working to the real management of HR Processes and the Recruitment Process was the first to manage. The Recruitment Strategy changed the efficiency and costs to the company were more important.[2] The role of HR in recruiting and selection process in India has following factors: 1) Decides about the design of the recruitment processes and to decide about the split of roles and responsibilities between Human Resources and Hiring Manager 2) Decides about the right profile of the candidate 3) Decides about the sources of candidates 4) Decides about the measures to be monitored to measure the success of the process The role of HR in Recruitment is very important to work on the development of the recruitment and selection process and to make the process very competitive on the market. Good recruitment and selection can make sure the organization has enough advantaged and appropriate employee and managers; in addition to that, it can lead to company work more efficiency. * Recruiting process has following steps: 1. Identify vacancy 2. Prepare job description and person specification 3. Advertising the vacancy 4. Managing the response 5. Short-listing 6. Arrange interviews 7. Conducting interview and decision making * Selection involves the following components: Reception, screening interview, application blank, selection test, selection interview, medical test, reference checks, and hiring decision. Chap: 3 Human Resource practice in India India is being widely recognised as one of the most exciting emerging economics in the world. Besides becoming a global hub of outsourcing, Indian firms are spreading their wings globally through mergers and acquisitions. During the first four months of 1997, Indian companies have bought 34 foreign companies for about U.S. $11 billion dollars. This impressive development has been due to a growth in inputs (capital and labour) as well as factor productivity. By the year 2020, India is expected to add about 250 million to its labour pool at the rate of about 18 million a year, which is more than the entire labour force of Germany. This so called ‘demographic dividend’ has drawn a new interest in the Human Resource concepts and practices in India.[6] In a general, if we look at the history of Human resource practice in recent years, we can see effect on the managerial history of India was to be provided by the British system of corporate organisation for 200 years. Clearly, the socio cultural roots of Indian heritage are diverse and have been drawn from multiple sources including ideas brought from other parts of the old world. In India, the Human resource management practice is in transition face it is learning new ideas from other parts of the world and also with growing population and growing multinational companies coming to India the work culture is continuously improving. One of the noteworthy features of the Indian workplace is demographic uniqueness. It is estimated that both China and India will have a population of 1.45 billion people by 2030; however, India will have a larger workforce than China. Indeed, it is likely India will have 986 million people of working age in 2030, which will probably be about 300 million more than in 2007. And by 2050, it is expected India will have 230 million more workers than China and about 500 million more than the United States of America (U.S.). It may be noted that half of India’s current population of 1.1 billion people are under of 25 years of age.[7] While this fact is a demographic dividend for the economy, it is also a danger sign for the country’s ability to create new jobs at an unprecedented rate. As he has been pointed out by Meredith. [8] Here are some key factors responsible for shift in HRM practice in India [9] Above figure presents the key drivers for contemporary Indian HRM trends. In Figure, there are four external spheres of intervention for HRM professionals and these spheres are integrated in a complex array within organisational settings. The intellectual sphere, which emphasises the mindset transaction in work organisations, has been significantly impacted by the forces of globalisation. The other three spheres, of figure, namely the emotional, the socio cultural and the managerial domains are undergoing, similar profound changes. Key HRM Practices in Indian Organisations: The above figure describes the general HRM practise in Public sector Organization. In private sector the HRM sector is not organized. In Private sector THE HRM practice depends on individual company basis. Company Profile: Infosys technology is a leading software company based in India which was established in 1981 and is listed in NASDAQ as a global consulting and IT services company with more than 122,000 employees. From a capital of US$ 250 they have grown to become a US$ 5.38 billion company with a market capitalization of approximately US$ 38 billion. In their journey of over 29 years they have catalyzed some of the major changes that have led to Indias emergence as the global destination for software services talent. [10] Recruitment Process: The Company uses different sources like Campus Interviews, advertisements in newspapers and applications received through the company website. Firstly, they do not have any distinction between any branch of Engineering, applicant from any branch can apply for the selection process but the only criteria is to meet the requirement of grades, the applicant should be very well qualified and should have high grades and the time gap which means if any of the applicant was rejected in the selection process then they can only apply after 9 months. The qualified candidates are shortlisted and are called for a written test. [11] Selection Process of choosing individuals with qualifications needed to fill jobs in an organization. The duration of the selection process in Infosys is 2.5 hours which includes filling in an application form, an Aptitude Test ( Analytical Thinking and Arithmetic Reasoning) and a test of Communicative English Language. The duration of the tests is 90 minutes and the Aptitude Test consists of puzzles type and the number of questions varies between 9 to 15. [12] Training and Development Infosys training, continuing education and career development programs are designed to ensure that the technology professional enhances their skill-sets in alignment to their respective goals. The following are the types of training provided by Infosys to their new recruits and employees. Technical Training by Education and Research Department Most of the new candidates that are hired complete 14 weeks of integrated on-the-job-training prior to being assigned to their business units. All these training are done in a total area of 1.44 million square feet in The Infosys Global Education Center in Mysore- India, which can train approximately 14,000 employees at a time. As of March 31, 2010 they employed 610 full-time employees as faculty which included 208 employees with doctorate or masters degrees. The faculty also conducts integrated training for the new employees. They also make employees to undergo certification programs each year to develop the skills relevant that are for their roles. [13] Personal Effectiveness and Managerial Programs The above program is to enhance the managerial capabilities and leadership abilities in order to have better customer satisfaction, achieve their organizational vision and to create high performing multicultural teams. [14] Performance Management Creating an equitable and inclusive work environment In 2008-09 Infosys were recognized for their efforts to promote a more inclusive work environment. They won the Corporate Award for Excellence in Gender Inclusivity instituted by the National Association for Software Companies (NASSCOM), India, for the second consecutive year. They also received the Helen Keller award which was instituted by the National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People, for the third consecutive year and they also won the ASTD Excellence in Practice Award for diversity training. [15] The Head -HRD, is the custodian of equal employment opportunity. The Diversity Office and the HR department are responsible for coordinating efforts in implementing and disseminating information regarding the company’s diversity agenda. Being an IT services company they do not have any business identified as having risk for incidents of forced or compulsory or child labour, therefore they foresee risk of child labour in their supply chain in India, and therefore controls it through the vendor selection process. Compensation and Benefits Infosys compensates its human assets in three ways by adding learning value through training and development and appraisal practices. Infosys also adds emotional value through initiatives directed towards supporting employees with their work and personal needs and they also adds financial value through monetary compensation which is neither above nor below the market level. Infosys was one of the first Indian companies to offer stock option plans to their employees. Benefits Infosys work-life policies reflect local requirements and regulations. The employees in India are eligible for paid maternity leave and paternity leave under the law which is referred as the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 under which pregnant women can take paid leave up to 14 weeks, first seven weeks before delivery and other seven weeks after delivery and the maximum payment is $441.6 per week before tax. They also have satellite offices for new mothers, telecommuting for employees on need basis, adoption leave, flexible work hours, part-time work policy, one-year childcare sabbatical policy and near-site day care facilities. Employees can apply for scholarships for their children who have excelled in academics, arts and culture. Infoscions can also apply for extended family healthcare coverage. [16] In addition to that they are also provide benefits such as statutory benefits as pension, medical insurance under Employee State Insurance Scheme which is an integrated measure of Social Insurance embodied in the Employees’ State Insurance Act and is designed to accomplish the task of protecting ‘employees’ against the hazards of sickness, maternity, disablement and death due to employment injury and to provide medical care to insured persons and their families. An employee covered under the scheme has to contribute 1.75% of the wages whereas, an employer contributes 4.75% of the wages payable to an employee. The total contribution in respect of an employee comes out to 6.50% of the wages payable. They are also offered loan program which was found attractive to the employees. Loans were taken for pursuing a degree program such as MBA, or to meet personal needs such as purchasing a car or a house. [17] Health and Safety The Health Assessment and Lifestyle Enrichment (HALE) program supports their healthcare policies at a global level. In Australia they have a unique practice of having a specialist available on call for ergonomics assessment in the work area. They also provide annual health checkups for all employees at their India-based locations. [18] Chap-4 Comparison and Contrast between HR practice of India and china In comparison between India and Canada India’s ranks higher in Uncertainty Avoidance Index than Canada which means Indian wants clear cut responsibilities and job description. India’s Power Distance rank is also higher than Canada which means that in India there is unequal distribution of wealth and power in the society. India and Canada are at the opposite ends in terms of Individualism, with Canada displaying much greater Individualism than the collectivist society of India. Canadians are more autonomous and self-control in the ability to make decisions and wants to work without direct supervisions, than Indian employees. Indian employees like to work more in tandem with their managers when setting personal goals than did Canadian employees. Indians are more forward thinking when planning actions and goals which found significant correlations between these differences in perceptions and differences in cultural characteristics which include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and paternalism. Canadians scored lower on these traits than Indians. [19] Chap – 5 About Cultural differences and Implications to Professional Practice India is a country in conversion. History, society, economic and cultural factors strongly influence Indian Human Resource Management (HRM) and mindset. The dynamic changes taking place in India, and their consequent influence and reflection in Indian HRM, the following factors provide essential background and context about key aspects of the Indian: language, geography and generational differences. Following the strong influence of the society cultural context in India does not always allow the applicability of Western management and organization theories. [3] Pawan S. Budhawar, the Indian management scholar, he emphasizes that â€Å"to a great extent, this is a core issue for Western firms operating in the Indian context and sends a clear message to researchers in the field. The intention of both HR practitioners and researchers should be to continuously develop, test and re-test constructs suitable for conducting research and develop relevant practice in the Indian context.† [4] With the challenge of mixing Western management practices with Eastern management traditions, we have to understand the Indian HRM context and its related influence on mindset is a necessity for both Indian and Western organizations. In a typical leadership development project, here is an assumption about: First, there are more qualified candidates than available leadership positions (could be internally or externally. Second, turnover of employees identified as ‘key talent† will not increase. Third, employees who are not identified as â€Å"k ey talent† will accept that the assessment process is fair. Indian human resource management will continue to evolve, and it will continue to be important characteristic of growth and sustainability. Chap – 6 Other relevant topics Generally speaking, In the process of recruiting, training management, the performance of India and Canada is similar. They use similar strategies for select right employees, like internal and external recruitment. Using skills tests and talent questions helping employers find a best person for the job. On the other hand, there are some obvious differences. Firstly, in Canada, there are a lots of policies (Provincial and territorial human rights legislation, Canada Human Rights Act) implemented by federal or national governments to protect the rights of employees, like policies about minimum wage employer must pay to workers, sexual orientation, marital status, and maximum work time. Besides that, when the rights of employees was ruined, employees can complain with some constitution including The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Citizenship Commission. On the other hand, the policies protecting employees are scary. Employees look for job by individual, and the salary and benefits paid to employees is determined by employers. Because India in a labour intensive country. The price is cheaper than Canada obviously. In addition, India do not have policies about minimum wage. The codes protecting the rights of women and young are in little quantities. Which is more, compared with Canada. It is harder for employees in India sue the company which exploits them. For instance Even though India is a labour intensive country, because of high growth of developing, it is not a big problem to find a job in their own country. A lot of jobs are created because of the increasing of market demands. Since Canada is multicultural country. You can find people from Australia, Asia and Europe. They are seeking jobs in Canada. Apart from this Canada is a secular Country. So Canada has a lot of policies about avoiding discrimination like religion, race and color. Conclusion: By analyzing and studying various reports and research paper we can say that there is vast difference between the HR practice between India and Canada. The rules and regulation regarding Human resource management are quite similar in both countries. The government of both Countries has made clear rules and regulations, but in India there is lack of implementation of the rules. Various research paper also indicates that the HRM is in transition phase, due to globalization the global practice becoming more and more familiar to Indian corporate groups. The study also suggests that there is socio-cultural influence on HRM practice in India. India has to go far to reach global HRM practice, but it is also showing good positive changes in terms of positive HRM policy guideline and support from government. Bibliography: 1. http://hrguide.applezoom.com/2007/09/hr-role-in-recruitment 2. (http://hrguide.applezoom.com/2007/09/hr-role-in-recruitment 3. http://www.shrm.org/Research/Articles/Articles/Documents/ 4. Budhwar, P. S. (2009). Challenges Facing Indian HRM And the Way Forward. In P. S. Budhwar J. Bhatnagar (Eds.), the Changing Faces of People Management in India (pp. 289-300). New York: Routledge. 5. Adapted from Towers Perrin. (2008). 2007-2008 Towers Perrin global workforce study. Retrieved August 26, 2009, www.towersperrin.com 6. http://rphrm.curtin.edu.au/2007/issue2/india.html 7. Chatterjee, S.R. (2006). Human resource management in India. In A. Nankervis, Chatterjee, S.R. J. Coffey (Eds.), Perspectives of human resource management in the Asia Pacific (41-62). Pearson Prentice Hall: Malaysia. 8. Meredith, R. (2007). The elephant and the dragon: The rise of India and China and what it means for all of us. New York: W.W.Norton Co. 9. http://rphrm.curtin.edu.au/2007/issue2/india.html 10. http://www.infosys.com/about/who-we-are/Pages/history.aspx 11. http://www.ittestpapers.com/articles/-infosys-selection-procedure.html 12. http://www.infosys.com/investors/reports-filings/annual-report/annual/Documents/Infosys-AR-08.pdf 13.

Organizational Culture Profiles Essay -- Sociology, Culture

The purpose of this paper was to construct organizational culture profiles using the â€Å"Now† and â€Å"Preferred† average scores from the Organizational Cultural Assessment Instrument (OCAI) to get a pictogram of how the current culture for the Medicaid Integrity Group (MIG) matches the preferred culture. Organizational culture is not just any thoughts, values, and actions, but rather the unifying patterns that are shared, learned, combined at the group level, and internalized individual members. The findings of the OCAI provides a clear picture of the MIG’s operating culture in terms of behaviors that is believed, expected, or implicitly required and indicated items that could be changed to alter the current classification of the organization from a hierarchy culture to a clan culture. Conversely, the hierarchy focuses on rules, policies, procedures, efficiency, and control is the direct opposite of the clan that stresses family, loyalty, commitment, cohes ion, and morale. Organizational Culture Profiles In many organizations, one typically finds that corporate culture affects everyone. Culture is important because it can influence human behavior, can be difficult to change, and its near invisibility makes it hard to address directly. The MIG’s current and preferred culture shown in the OCAI in Appendix A focuses on some core attributes of the organization. The OCAI is a key component to help the MIG understand and conceptualize its organizational culture, its nature, determinants and predictions, as well as the relationships among culture's diverse set of variables. Organizational culture is widely considered one of the most significant factors in bringing about organizational ch... ...a pictogram of how the current culture for the MIG matches the preferred culture. First, from the perspective of where the organization’s current culture is and secondly, from the perspective of where organization’s culture should be. The MIG’s present culture indicates it experience hierarchy culture but would like to start working more like a clan culture. The organization’s profile indicated a large difference between the current and preferred situation, which means changes are desirable. Organizational culture is just one of the many pieces that make up the puzzle of public sector organizations. As such, it should not be considered the answer to all organizational problems, nor should it be applied to all organizational aspects. The organizational culture profiles can be a starting point to solve problems, but also a way to create problematic solutions. Organizational Culture Profiles Essay -- Sociology, Culture The purpose of this paper was to construct organizational culture profiles using the â€Å"Now† and â€Å"Preferred† average scores from the Organizational Cultural Assessment Instrument (OCAI) to get a pictogram of how the current culture for the Medicaid Integrity Group (MIG) matches the preferred culture. Organizational culture is not just any thoughts, values, and actions, but rather the unifying patterns that are shared, learned, combined at the group level, and internalized individual members. The findings of the OCAI provides a clear picture of the MIG’s operating culture in terms of behaviors that is believed, expected, or implicitly required and indicated items that could be changed to alter the current classification of the organization from a hierarchy culture to a clan culture. Conversely, the hierarchy focuses on rules, policies, procedures, efficiency, and control is the direct opposite of the clan that stresses family, loyalty, commitment, cohes ion, and morale. Organizational Culture Profiles In many organizations, one typically finds that corporate culture affects everyone. Culture is important because it can influence human behavior, can be difficult to change, and its near invisibility makes it hard to address directly. The MIG’s current and preferred culture shown in the OCAI in Appendix A focuses on some core attributes of the organization. The OCAI is a key component to help the MIG understand and conceptualize its organizational culture, its nature, determinants and predictions, as well as the relationships among culture's diverse set of variables. Organizational culture is widely considered one of the most significant factors in bringing about organizational ch... ...a pictogram of how the current culture for the MIG matches the preferred culture. First, from the perspective of where the organization’s current culture is and secondly, from the perspective of where organization’s culture should be. The MIG’s present culture indicates it experience hierarchy culture but would like to start working more like a clan culture. The organization’s profile indicated a large difference between the current and preferred situation, which means changes are desirable. Organizational culture is just one of the many pieces that make up the puzzle of public sector organizations. As such, it should not be considered the answer to all organizational problems, nor should it be applied to all organizational aspects. The organizational culture profiles can be a starting point to solve problems, but also a way to create problematic solutions.

The standard of living is the measure of the material well being of the given population

The standard of living is the measure of the material well being of the given population. This would include things such as your properties, motors, incomes etc†¦. it covers anything that can be given a monetary values and excludes those that cannot e.g. happiness or luck. The standard of living is measured mainly by the GDP per capita and focuses on incomes this provides a general guide to the well -being – materialistically of the population in question. If the GDP were increasing this would suggest that the population is better off, there is more wealth within the economy, one may assume there is fuller employment and people are spending more as more is produced. If people are thought to be better off one assume this to signify that people are happier but this is not necessarily true but as this cannot be measured it has to be sidelined. Health is another important factor which is difficult to identify within monetary terms however there are different statistics which can be produced e.g. number of doctors per hospital etc†¦ when the standard f living is measure if comparing over time it will be adjusted for inflation and dealt with in real terms. There is the issue of the PPP adjustment, which must be taken to account when comparing internationally as goods and service cost more and less in other nations depending on their own resources, labour markets, and performance. In Helsinki the spending on heating is likely to be much higher than in Andalusia but this does not indicate a difference in the standard of living it is simply misguiding. National GDP figures hide significant regional variations in output, employment and incomes per head of population. Within each region there are also areas of relative prosperity contrasting with unemployment black-spots and deep-rooted social and economic deprivation. We need to analyse the balance between consumption and investment. If an economy devotes too many resources to satisfying the short run needs & wants of consumers, there may be insufficient resources for investment needed for long-term economic development. Faster economic growth might improve living standards today but lead to an over-exploitation of scarce finite economic resources thereby limiting future growth prospects. The principal problems with the GDP method are that it ignored the values of goods and services which are traded but left undeclared e.g. diy jobs and the black economy in some countries e.g. Italy the black economy is estimated to be near 35% and poses a great difficulty to governments trying to estimate the net income flow. It also fails to take into account the distribution of wealth e/g/ in Saudi Arabia the GDP is not particularly low but it is all concentrated among the hands of the wealthy sheiks and in parts there is extreme poverty because there is no ‘trickle effect' of the capital throughout the society as it is maintained. Furthermore it doesn't always take into account the improvements in technology for example 15 years ago a PC for $1000 will now be 10 times worse than one valued at $500 this is not because if increased living standard but change sin technology. Economic ‘bads' can increase the figure of the standard of living, even though the ‘quality of life' has decreased. For example traffic jams cause more petrol to be consumed but increase the income and output of a county. Also the environment can be damaged in this case, but one person may hold a higher value for the environment than another. These valuation problems apply to health and defense the output of these does not have a market price but the value is determined by the cost of producing them. The quality of life can also be over o under valued because say we take longer holidays output and income may fall but happiness will increase, similarly a crackdown on pollution by rise the prices of supply and therefore consumption but make our lives intrinsically more happy. Another method of measuring the living standard of an economy could be to examine the consumer durables. Thee can be anything from cars to washing machines to nice houses to computers. It is theorized that the more of these items you own the higher your standard of living would be. E.g. a man with 2 Bentleys and a Rolls Royce compared to a man with two skodas and a ford fiesta will be assumed to have higher standard of living. However sometimes it is difficult to compare some durables for instance TV's just because one is valued at more does it necessarily imply a better quality therefore even those who can afford it may not opt for the most costly. Also if I have seven flats in Norwich or one house in Kensington, which would make me, better off? Consumer durables also exclude savings and services, some people choose to accumulate their wealth as opposed to purchase consumer durables therefore it is not at all a clear indicator of the real standard of living. Compared to the GDP method it is extremely vague and inaccurate, the previous method is much more thorough and examines wealth in terms of cash and not goods for this latter method one needs to heavily account for consumer spending trends which can be extremely unpredictable. The third and final method is a non-monetary system of using the human development index. A measure of economic development The Human Development Report has been published by the United Nations each year since 1990. The report contains detailed statistical information on economic and social development indicators for virtually every country in the world. Among the hundreds of tables and charts we find the annual data on the Human Development Index and the Human Poverty Index. Both are simple measures of the extent to which living standards vary across countries. The HDI is constructed as an aggregate index of three components: education, income, and life expectancy at birth. The focus of the HDI is on the escape from poverty – defined as an HDI below 0.5. Here is a list of some of the social aspects that need to be considered o The number of patients per doctor – a measure of health provision in a country o Hospital waiting lists for important operations o The number of children per thousand of the population who die each year (infant mortality rates) o The average food intake per person (measured by average calorific intake) o The proportion of the population that can read or write – literacy rates o Average educational attainment at different age levels o Crime rates o Divorce rates These statistics should indicate what proportion of the population is enjoying a minimum standard of living although perceptions of what is needed for a basic quality of life vary. The figures could be misleading as in developing nations increases would imply better standards of living and more westernized countries would appear to be worse than they are. In conclusion I think the HDI is the best method to provide an overall picture of the economy and covers very many social aspects which are key to determining somebody's quality of life. The GDP method is the most reliable statistically and most through but the problems outlined are particularly heard to overcome in particular that of the black economy. The consumer durable methods is extremely inefficient ad indicates of nothing expect consumer spending patterns.

Experiential Knowledge versus Intellectual Knowledge Essay

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has for a long time stirred the issue on the tug between experiential knowledge (the sort of knowledge that is gained in the â€Å"streets† and practiced mostly by Huck) and intellectual knowledge (the kind of knowledge being taught in schools and by people like Widow Douglas and Miss Watson). The issue can most of the time be phrased as that between being logical and following the practical consequences of one’s logic as opposed to following the dictates of society. This is a theme that was developed early on in the book and extends up to the end. Huck, for example, defies society and chooses his own logic in Chapter 1 when he told Widow Douglas that he would prefer to go to hell since this would mean a change of scenery and being with Tom. It is known for a fact that â€Å"heaven† should be the de facto choice of destination for everyone. To choose to go to hell, with our without reasons for wanting to do so, plainly means going against what is conventional. Time and again, Huck has dealt with the part of his conscience that told him that keeping and cuddling Jim, a â€Å"property† of Miss Watson versus his natural sympathy for the man (Bennett 3). These and many other instances in Huckleberry Finn illustrate the clash between the obviously wrong societal teaching that racism and slavery is good and having sympathy and compassion for the slaves as bad versus the instinctive knowledge that sympathy and compassion towards a slave is worthwhile. In this paper, this clash between experiential knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained by oneself through the exercise of personal logical induction and deduction gathered through experience, and intellectual knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained through different societal instruments, shall be dealt with. More specifically, this paper shall address the issue of which of these two â€Å"knowledges† has more importance. Being an issue that is of no light matter, this paper would need to look beyond Huckleberry Finn for aid. As such, Philosophy, Ethics, and Education seem to be the most promising areas of knowledge that address the issue. Hence, this paper shall look in these directions to settle the issue. Specifically, this paper shall have the following parts: on wisdom and knowledge as personal or societal; morality as inauthentic or authentic; and educations as geared towards making the person â€Å"fully† come out versus education as socialization. The paper shall end with a conclusion. Wisdom as Personal or Societal Philosophy has dealt with the question on the source of wisdom a number of times and through different thinkers. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle are known to deal extensively about this issue, and as such, their philosophies shall be utilized. Since Aquinas is known for extensively working on Aristotle’s works, merging the works of these two thinkers shall not pose any problems. Before anything, it would be best to first give a definition of wisdom. At least in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, wisdom is a kind of knowledge that is â€Å"of paramount importance in directing human existence towards its purpose or end† (Artigas 17). It is that kind of knowledge that aids man to be a better human being, not only by providing particular knowledge, but most specially a universal knowledge that speaks of the human being’s nature, purpose and end. In the end, wisdom ought to lead to the human being’s happiness, happiness defined as a life that is flourishing. All these ideas seem to be abstract, so it would be best to concretize a bit. At least for Aristotle, living a life that is full of human flourishing means living a virtuous life in a community that allows for the continuous development of the individual. According to the Aristotelian philosopher Martha Nussbaum, this refers to a life wherein virtues, human relations, reason and other physical capabilities are allowed to flourish by the society (Nussbaum 76-78). More concretely, this means experiencing real friendship, practicing justice, exercising prudence and a host of many other virtues that Aristotle spoke of in the Nicomachean Ethics in a society that value and nurture these. It is allowing a person to have meaningful relations, to engage in activities that nourish one’s â€Å"senses, imagination, and thought,† to have bodily health, to engage in play, to have autonomous control over one’s environment and so on (Nussbaum 76-78). So far, it seems that wisdom ought to be acquired for the benefit of the individual that would most probably emanate into the good of society. That is well and good, nevertheless, we still have not answered the question as to how wisdom itself is acquired. In this respect, Aquinas has an answer. Thomas Aquinas is known for the Natural Law Theory. The theory states that â€Å"man is born with the natural facility to know the basic truths or principles or the moral order as ‘the good is to be done and promoted and the evil to be avoided’† (Panizo 56). In this respect wisdom, i. e. , knowledge about what is good and what is to be avoided that ought to lead to happiness and human flourishing, is not only something that man is capable of; in fact, man is born with this natural facility. Human beings are born with the disposition to want what is good and to avoid what is evil. Thinking about it, this medieval theory seems to make a lot of sense. Is it not true that no human being ever does something which for her/him is plainly without good or any sort of benefit? Even actions that may be considered as evil by many still have some sort of perverted â€Å"goodness† in it. Actions such as murder, drug trafficking, etcetera, still give â€Å"pleasure† to those who engage in them. But, does this mean that these actions are morally good? Aquinas would not agree. He would say that though nature has granted man the capacity to know what is good and evil and to want good over evil, still, error may happen. Error occurs once the basic principle, â€Å"good is to be done and sought after, evil is to be avoided† (Aquinas 197) is applied. In fact, there is a hierarchy of difficulty when it comes to the application of this basic principle, the most difficult application of it called â€Å"remote conclusions† are described as â€Å"not easily drawn by ordinary people, for they involve education in theology and philosophy, and deep reflection† (Panizo 59). These involve judgments on issues like euthanasia, divorce, abortion, etcetera. We have reached a point then when natural wisdom, i. e. , wisdom depending on reason alone, becomes insufficient. Life is so full of instances when â€Å"remote conclusions† are needed and called for. The sad thing is, this knowledge is hard to come by and a human being is left with no option but to listen to the dialogues of the people in the academe. For Aquinas and Aristotle, experiential knowledge is not enough. It could only get us so far. This then brings us to the discussion of the place of â€Å"intellectual knowledge† in Philosophy. According to Aristotle, human beings need a role model to live a flourishing life. An excellent person is considered the standard for most of us who are still aiming for human flourishing, for a life of virtue. An excellent person is defined as he/she whose wishes â€Å"will be what is wished in reality† (Aristotle 65), i. e. , the wishes of the excellent person is that which is truly good for the human being. An excellent person is the exact opposite of the base person to whom â€Å"pleasure would seem to cause deception since it appears good when it is not† (Aristotle 65). Thus, modeling is Aristotle’s system of knowing what is worth imitating and what is not. To add to this, it must be recalled that for Aristotle (as with the other Greek thinkers), education has an indispensable role in bringing an individual to perfection. This is the very reason why the Academy and the Lyceum were established. In these schools, individuals from different cities merge to further their knowledge, to share each other’s knowledge and in this sense socializing each other. Hence, at least in Aristotle and Aquinas’ philosophy, though natural wisdom or experiential knowledge may be the starting point, this is not enough. Intellectual knowledge is still necessary since remote conclusions are always called for to ultimately be happy and live a flourishing life. Authentic and Inauthentic Morality Beyond the epistemology of Aristotle and Aquinas is the perspective that morality or ethics may be inauthentic or authentic. This is the very idea of Michael Moga in the book, Toward Authentic Morality. According to Moga, one’s sense of right and wrong can either be wholly dependent on one’s culture (i. e. , inauthentic morality) or it could come from one’s personal choice (i. e. , authentic morality). This is the very same clash between the self and the society that we have been talking about. According to Moga, most people ascribe to inauthentic morality. This is the sort of morality that gives in to social pressure, that kind of pressure that forces us to act and think in a particular way without exactly knowing why such an action or thought should be considered moral. We would not have to go very far to understand inauthentic morality. Most adolescents and teenagers are susceptible to peer pressure when it comes to many facets of their lives. The very persistence of racism and discrimination speak of a poorly reasoned morality that rest on social acceptance. In fact, Moga sets out the characteristics of inauthentic morality. The following are the characteristics of this type of morality. Inauthentic morality is characterized by being based on certain rules and values affirmed by culture; it is universal in its application, i. e. , it is valid for everyone; they impact individuals as set of morality that is external, i. e. , the source of morality is something outside the self; these laws are anonymous; the individual is haunted by fear and shame; the moral obligation is something that comes from authority; and it is fluctuating in influence (Moga 35-39). This is the sort of morality experienced by the typical teenager who follows his/her group’s choices. Such an individual follows rules not her own, a set of rules she may find difficult to follow since it is something external, nevertheless the breaking of such group rules result to fear and shame. This teenager considers the lead of the group as the one vested with authority to enforce such rules. Though this morality is most stark among teenagers, adults may very well be living this sort of morality. We would only have to look around shopping malls to see how many adults go with the flow without thinking why. Supposedly at the other extreme is authentic morality. This morality results from one’s personal decision to accept a set of values and morals after necessary reflection. Again, this sort of morality has characteristics: it is personally chosen and accepted; it is based on a rational appreciation; it is not based on fear or shame; morality as an expression of one’s freedom; and it is based on what one personally cares for, i. e. the very principles that one values (Moga 39-41). This is the sort of morality of individuals who have taken enough time to think over his/her morals. This would be represented by an individual who does an action and could very likely explain and be personally involved in the very principle of one’s actions. This would be the individual whose sense of morality is not dependent on â€Å"what others will say† but rather on a clear set of personally chosen moral principles. Though individuals must all aim for authentic morality, Moga insists that both moralities are important. In the first place, all human beings undergo the inauthentic morality stage where parents become the sole authority from whom morality emanate. Nevertheless, we should not stay this way. After being exposed to different sets of moralities, it is the individual’s responsibility to think and chose which of these moralities shall be made personal. Thus, at least in the Ethical perspective, the social and the personal ought to go together, though in the end, the social should be for the personal. Conclusion We have seen that at least in Philosophy and Ethics, there really is no real clash between the personal and the social, between intellectual knowledge and experiential knowledge. Clashes happen in Philosophy when error exists in the mind and nothing is done to correct the error. This error may of course exist not only with individuals but also in groups such as those in the academe. Nevertheless, we have clearly stated above that intellectual knowledge is there not to ram down society on the throats of individuals but rather to further perfect experiential knowledge for the sake of human flourishing. The same may be said in the field of ethics. Both authentic and inauthentic moralities are there and both have uses in society. Nevertheless, in the end, inauthentic morality ought to be the material source of inputs for the eventual authentic morality of a person. Morality only becomes stagnant when there is no interaction between the inauthentic and authentic. To answer the question which of the two knowledges is more important, we could qualifiedly say that both are important as long as there is minimal error and that the ultimate purpose is human flourishing.